Οι χώρες της Αρκτικής επενδύουν στην γαλάζια οικονομία για να επιτύχουν τους κλιματικούς και αναπτυξιακούς στόχους τους.

Arctic nations bet on ‘blue economy’ to reconcile climate, development goals

From global warming to over- and illegal fishing, the ocean on which Arctic communities are so heavily dependent is under threat like never before, delegates heard at the Arctic conference in Tromsø, Norway.

Over the last 100 years, temperatures in the Arctic have been rising twice as fast as the global average. Since 1958, Arctic sea ice lost about two-thirds of its thickness, with nearly three-quarters of it forming and melting each year, a recent NASA study found.

According to recent estimates, the Arctic summer ice cap is on track to completely vanish by 2050, which could dramatically change the lives of people living in the region.

The Arctic region surrounding the North Pole is home to 34 species of marine mammals, 633 species of fish and around 4 million people, including indigenous peoples and communities, according to recent estimates by the WWF.

“The ocean is under threat like never before – from climate change, overfishing, marine litter – the most dramatic being climate change,” said Norway’s Special Envoy for the Oceans, Vidar Helgesen.

“We need to build a blue ocean economy that is in sync with the oceans ecology,” he told policymakers and arctic experts gathered for a conference on Arctic policy in Norway’s Arctic capital, Tromsø.

Ola Elvestuen, Norway’s minister for climate and environment, warned of catastrophic impacts on earth ecosystems, human livelihoods and biodiversity in the event of a 2°C global warming scenario.

80% of the cod stock in the Barents Sea could disappear by 2100, because greater CO2 concentrations make the oceans increasingly acidic, she warned, citing a landmark report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) published last year.

“This shows that climate change not only has consequences for the ecosystem, but also for one of Norway’s largest industries. This is the most important cod fishing in the world and the latest robust we have,” Elvestuen said.

Arctic seafood and food security

“We need to produce more from the ocean” in order to meet the UN sustainable development goals, said Helgesen. “But if we produce more from the ocean, we have to take better care for it.”

He explained that coastal states in the Arctic can lead the way on knowledge-based eco-system ocean management, adding that quicker information exchange using drone technology is one example.

But not all countries are open to sharing data because of national security reasons, he admitted.

Others highlighted the vast untapped economic potential of the Arctic. “The World Economic Forum has estimated that there is a $1 trillion potential in the Arctic,” said Tero Vauraste, Chair of the Arctic Economic Council.

Vauraste referred to long-term projections regarding the commercial exploitation of the Arctic Ocean, citing new emerging shipping routes and energy resources as the ice melts.

He also cited ocean-based industries, saying the share of agricultural and fish related businesses is expected to double in the next 20 years.

“But simultaneously migration of fish species is already visible in the Arctic due to changes in ice sheet and water temperature,” he warned. This migration might change the job market, especially in countries like Iceland where fish make up more than half of all exports, he warned.

“To have a sustainable fishing you need solid science, you need rule of law, you need enforcement capabilities,” says Mikael Thinghuus, CEO of Royal Greenland, a state-owned fishing company.

Scotland is among the largest sea fishing nations in Europe and the 4th largest in the EU, with Scottish fishing vessels landing around two-thirds of the total fish caught in the UK.

With the UK’s transition to a coastal state due to Brexit, and the power to control access to its waters, supporting local fishing communities is becoming a more pressing need.

“Regardless of the Brexit outcome, Scotland’s commitment to work with our international partner in sustainable management of fisheries will remain undiminished,” said Mairi Gougeon, Minister for Rural Affairs and the Natural Environment of Scotland.

Fighting marine pollution

The changing Arctic Ocean also promises shorter shipping routes between Asia and Europe, which could increase tourism.

Verauste mentioned the Icelandic travel industry, which has more than tripled in the last few years and is likely to double again during the next 20 years.

“The travel industry has to create and commit to sustainability principles and make sure that their customers also follow them,” said Peter Thomson, UN Secretary-General’s Special Envoy for the Ocean.

The UN envoy cited the example of a regional cruise liner which provides passengers with sustainability guidelines, stressing the “responsibility of travel agencies, tour operators and service providers” to protect the environment.

The shipping and cargo sector could also help out by using new digital technologies. Commercial vessels could be systematically equipped with sensors to monitor the ocean and feed this data to the governments and scientists, suggested Paul Holthus, CEO and President of  the World Ocean Council.

But environmental NGOs cautioned about the temptation of over-exploitation when it comes to Arctic resources.

“If we’re going to develop a sustainable blue economy, first we need to think about the ecosystem and develop large marine protected areas” in order to allow species to adapt to rapid climate change, said Peter Winsor, Arctic Program Director at the WWF.

Nine EU countries signed an agreement in October to prohibit fishing in the Arctic Ocean. They also committed to creating a joint programme of scientific research and monitoring related to fisheries.

The question now is how the fishing ban will be enforced, said David Balton, Senior Fellow at the US-based Woodrow Wilson Centre’s Polar Institute.

“One possible model is to create a scientific organisation for the Central Arctic Ocean that does not exist today,” Balton suggested.

Plastic pollution in the Arctic Ocean is also one of the emerging issues that such a body could deal with. The Norwegian government in recent years has been spearheading the fight against plastic and other marine litter through a development programme.

“We so often tend to forget the fact that what happens in the Arctic is the result of human activity outside the Arctic,” Verauste concluded.

 

24 January 2019

Alexandra Brzozowski